---
title: "How Ethereum Works: Proof of Stake, Gas and Private Keys (PDF)"
url: "https://bip39-phrase.com/list-keys/eth-private-keys-list-24-march/"
language: "en"
updated: "2025-03-24T00:00:00+00:00"
---

# How Ethereum Works: Proof of Stake, Gas and Private Keys

An overview of Ethereum: proof-of-stake validators, gas and EIP-1559 fee burning, hex private keys and addresses, ERC token standards and layer-2 rollups. Example hex-format keys follow.

PDF document · Published March 24, 2025 

[ Open the PDF (6 pages, 194 KB) ](/list-keys/eth-private-keys-list-24-march.pdf) 

Keywords: 

proof of stake · gas fees · EIP-1559 · Ethereum private keys

Topic: 

[Private Keys and Addresses: Formats Explained](/topics/keys-and-addresses/)

## Guides on the same subject

- [Bitcoin Private Key Format: WIF, Base58 and Hex Explained](/private-key-btc/)  
A Bitcoin private key is a 256-bit number, usually shown in WIF: Base58 with a version byte, compression flag and checksum. Encoding steps and test vectors.
- [EVM Address Format Explained: Structure & Usage](/format-evm-addresses/)  
An EVM address is 0x plus 40 hex characters: the last 20 bytes of the Keccak-256 hash of a secp256k1 public key, with an EIP-55 checksum.
- [Ethereum Keystore File (JSON Wallet): Structure and Security](/json-wallets-explained/)  
An Ethereum keystore file, or JSON wallet, holds one private key encrypted with a password via scrypt or PBKDF2 and AES-128-CTR. Fields, wallets, Python code.

One of the documents in the [Private Key PDF Archive](/list-keys/), listed on [archive page 2](/list-keys/2/).